take of C3 toxin into cells might only occur by non-specific pinocytosis when large amounts of C3 are applied for incubation periods longer than 24 h. We discovered recently that monocytes/macrophages are the target cells for the clostridial C3 toxins. These cells internalize comparatively low concentrations of C3 Roscovitine toxins within approx. 3h, most likely by a specific uptake mechanism including receptor-mediated endocytosis and subsequent translocation from acidified endosomal vesicles into the host cell cytosol. In these cells, the C3-catalyzed Rho-modification leads to re-organization of the actin cytoskeleton and characteristic morphological changes. Enzymatically inactive C3bot1E174Q is internalized into monocytes/macrophages comparable to wildtype C3 proteins and due to lacking adverse effects on cells, it serves as carrier for selective delivery of GSK2330672 foreign proteins into the cytosol of monocytes/macrophages. In order to deliver C3 Rho-inhibitor into the cytosol of various cell types, we previously developed the recombinant fusion toxin C2IN-C3lim, which exploits the binary C2 toxin from C. botulinum for its transport into cells. The C2 toxin consists of the actin ADP-ribosylating enzyme component C2I and the separate transport component C2IIa, which delivers C2I into the cytosol of all tested cell types. The fusion toxin C2IN-C3lim consists of enzymatically active C3lim and the enzymatically inactive N-terminal domain of C2I. When applied together with C2IIa, C2INC3lim is efficiently delivered into the cytosol of all mammalian cell types tested so far because its C2IN domain interacts with C2IIa and this triggers specific internalization via the C2 toxin uptake pathway. However, in the absence of C2IIa, C2IN-C3lim is taken up into monocytes/macrophages but not into other cell types. Like the clostridial C3 toxins, C2INC3lim is selectively taken up into macrophage-like cells by the C3-specific uptake mechanism via acidified endosomal vesicles. Regarding its Rho-selective ADPribosyltransferase activity and the cellular effects, C2IN-C3lim behaves like C3lim. Since C3 toxins are the only known Rho-inhibitors and selectively target cells from the monocyte/macrophage-line, C3 toxins and C3-derived fusion toxins such as C2IN-C3lim are ideal tools for investigation and targeted pharmacological manipulation of Rho-
